Clinical features of invasive candidiasis and risk factors for Candida bloodstream infection in children: a multicenter study in Urumqi, China / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinical features of invasive candidiasis in children and the risk factors for Candida bloodstream infection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective study was performed on 134 children with invasive candidiasis and hospitalized in 5 tertiary hospitals in Urumqi, China, between January 2010 and December 2015. The Candida species distribution was investigated. The clinical data were compared between the patients with and without Candida bloodstream infection. The risk factors for Candida bloodstream infection were investigated using multivariate logistic regression analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 134 Candida strains were isolated from 134 children with invasive candidiasis, and non-albicans Candida (NAC) accounted for 53.0%. The incidence of invasive candidiasis in the PICU and other pediatric wards were 41.8% and 48.5% respectively. Sixty-eight patients (50.7%) had Candida bloodstream infection, and 45 patients (33.6%) had Candida urinary tract infection. There were significant differences in age, rate of use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and incidence rates of chronic renal insufficiency, heart failure, urinary catheterization, and NAC infection between the patients with and without Candida bloodstream infection (P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that younger age (1-24 months) (OR=6.027) and NAC infection (OR=1.020) were the independent risk factors for Candida bloodstream infection.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The incidence of invasive candidiasis is similar between the PICU and other pediatric wards. NAC is the most common species of invasive candidiasis. Candida bloodstream infection is the most common invasive infection. Younger age (1-24 months) and NAC infection are the risk factors for Candida bloodstream infection.</p>

Leptin gene C2549A polymorphism in minority Hui and Uygur children with obesity / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the relationship of leptin gene polymorphism with obesity in ethnic minority Hui and Uygur children in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty-eight ethnic minority (35 Hui and 33 Uygur) children with obesity and 69 age-matched minority (36 Hui and 33 Uygur) children without obesity were recruited from six primary schools in the sub-urban areas of Urumqi. Venous blood was sampled from all subjects after fasting for 12 hours. Leptin gene C2549A polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Blood concentrations of lipids, leptin and insulin were measured with biochemical methods and radioimmunoassys, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the 137 children tested, the prevalence of AA, AC and CC genotype was 9.5%, 33.6% and 56.9%, respectively. A allele frequency was significantly different between the two ethnic (i.e. Hui and Uygur) groups (P<0.05). A allele frequency and AA+ AC genotype frequency were not significantly different between obese and non-obese children in both ethnic groups (P>0.05). Blood leptin levels were not significantly different between obese and non-obese children with an AA+AC or CC genotype in both ethnic groups (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Leptin gene polymorphisms exist in Hui and Uygur children. The C2549A polymorphism is not significantly associated with the prevalence of obesity in both Hui and Uygur children.</p>

Characterization of erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates causing invasive diseases in Chinese children / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates that causing invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) in Chinese children remain uncharacterized. This study aims to identify the resistance genes associated with erythromycin resistance and to determine the genetic relationships of IPD isolates in Chinese children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 171 S. pneumoniae strains were isolated from 11 medical centers in China from 2006 to 2008. All the isolates were characterized via serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility determination. The erythromycin-resistant isolates were further characterized via ermB and mefA gene detection, multi-locus sequence typing analysis, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 164 (95.9%) isolates showed resistance to erythromycin, of which 162 strains with high high-level resistance (MIC ≥ 256 µg/ml). A total of 104 (63.4%) isolates carry the ermB gene alone, whereas 59 (36.0%) harbor both ermB and mefA genes. Of the 59 strains, 54 were of serotypes 19A and 19F and were identified as highly clonal and related to the Taiwan(19F)-14 clone.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The erythromycin resistance rate in IPD isolates is significantly high and is predominantly mediated by the ermB gene. Isolates that carry both ermB and mefA genes are predominantly of serotypes 19A and 19F.</p>

Role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in proliferation of neural stem cells of neonatal rats in vitro after hyperbaric oxygen therapy / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To investigate the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy for hypoxic-ischemic brain damage(HIBD).Methods The neural stem cells (NSCs) of neonatal rats were randomly divided into control group and 8 treatment groups,then the treatment groups were cultured in the supernatant of brain homogenate to simulate micro-environment of HIBD and normal brain respectively.Through electroporation β-catenin siRNA and negative control plasmid was transfected into NSCs respectively,then HBO therapy was performed.Immunocytochemical staining was performed simultaneously in the 9 groups of NSCs on precoated chamber slides to detect the differentiation of NSCs.Quantitative reverse transcriptase(RT)-PCR was used to detect the relative content of Ngn1 mRNA and bone morphogenetic protein(BMP4) mRNA in the of NSCs.Western blot was used to detect the relative content of Ngn1 protein and BMP4 protein in the NSCs.Results In vitro,HBO alone promoted NSCs infected with negative control siRNA (ncNSCs) to differentiate into neurons and oligodendrocytes and depressed astrogliosis ; HIBD or normal brain tissue extract cultures promoted ncNSCs to differentiate into neurons and oligodendrocytes but depressed astrogliosis,and the effect of HIBD brain extract cultures was superior to the latter and could be further increased by HBO; β-catenin siRNA decreased the NSE-positive neurons and increased glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes in the siNSCs (NSCs infected with β-catenin siRNA) in vitro,the effect could not be inversed by HBO,but could be alleviated; HBO increased the level of Ngn1 mRNA and Ngn1 protein,decreased BMP4 mRNA and BMP4 protein of ncNSCs,transfection of β-catenin siRNA could down-regulate the expression of Ngn1 mRNA and upregulate BMP4 mRNA of NSCs in vitro respectively.Conclusions HBO can promote NSCs cultured with HIBD brain extract cultures to differentiate into neuronal or Oligodendrocyte,and inhibit them to differentiate into astrocytes.HBO therapy promotes the proliferation of NSCs in vitro,an effect which is correlated with β-catenin protein.HBO therapy can promote neurogenesis by β-catenin-induced activated Ngn1,and repress astrocytogenesis by β-catenin-induced down-regulated BMP4.There are potential cooperative actions of BMP4 and Ngn1 on differentiating rat NSCs in cerebral ischemic brain.The ability of Ngn1 to promote neurogenesis may allow Ngn1 to act as a potent neuronal commitment factor.

Association of polymorphism of β3-adrenergic receptor gene and the leptin gene with Kazak obese children in Xinjiang / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To investigate the association between C2549A polymorphism of leptin gene and the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the β3-adrenergic receptor gene(β3-AR gene) and obesity in Kazak school-age children.Methods Totally 92 obese children and 71 healthy controls were selected from 6 to 12 years old in Kazak school-age children from the area around Urumqi.Genotype of the C2549A polymorphism of leptin gene and the Trp64Arg polymor phism of β3-AR gene were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods.Results 1.The difference in distribution of the β3-AR gene Trp64Arg genotype of obesity and healthy controls of Kazak children was statistically significant (x2 =10.472,P ＜ 0.05),but the difference in distribution of the alleles was not statistically significant (x2 =3.541,P ＞ 0.05).2.The differences in distribution of the leptin C2549A genotype and alleles of the 2 groups were all statistically significant,and the odds ratio of the alleles(0.608) and 95％ CI 0.380-0.972 suggested that the mutation occurrence of obesity might have certain protective effect.3.The difference in distribution of the genotype of β3-AR gene Trp64Arg polymorphism and leptin gene promoter area C2549A polymorphism in the same individual joint action of 2 groups was statistically significant (x2 =15.978,P ＜ 0.05),but the difference in distribution of the alleles in the same individual joint action of 2 groups was not statistically significant (x2 =6.362,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions 1.There were distributions of the Trp64Arg polymorphism of β3-AR gene and the C2549A polymorphism of leptin gene in Kazak school-aged children in Xinjiang.2.These results suggested that C2549A mutation of leptin gene might have certain protective effect in Kazak children obesity,and the Trp64Arg polymorphism of β3-AR gene might be associated with Kazak children obesity.3.These results suggested that the Trp64Arg polymorphism of β3-AR gene and the C2549A polymorphism of leptin gene in the same individual joint action might be associated with Kazak children obesity in Xinjiang.

Diagnostic value of serum cysteine leukotriene levels for obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome in children / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To assess the clinical value of the measurement of cysteine leukotriene (CysLTs) concentration in serum as a diagnostic predictor to screen the obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in children.Methods Serum CysLTs concentration was measured with ELISA kit in 75 patients with snoring before per.forming polysomnography (PSG).Subsequently,all the subjects underwent PSG test.Forty-one subjects were diagnosed as OSAHS,and 34 subjects didn't have OSAHS.These 34 non-OSAHS subjects were served as control group.Among the OSAHS group,25 subjects were the Han nationality and 12 subjects were the Uyghur nationality.According to apnea hyponea index(AHI),the OSAHS group was divided into 3 groups,which were light,moderate and severe groups.And the serum CysLTs level of the OSAHS group was taken for correlation analysis with the sleep respiratory parameters.Compared with the PSG results,the clinical value of the measurement of CysLTs concentration in serum was taken as a diagnostic predictor to screen patients with OSAHS in children.Results 1.The serum CysLTs level of OSAHS group [(683.102 ±89.825) ng/L] was significantly higher than that in the control group [(461.985 ± 84.951) ng/L] (P ＜ 0.05).And it was correlated positively with AHI,longest apnea time,sleep apnea low aeration time (r =0.417,0.422,0.208,all P ＜ 0.05),but correlated negatively with the lowest oxygen saturation and the mean oxygen saturation (r =-0.192,-0.255,all P ＜ 0.05).2.The serum CysLTs level [(773.118 ± 92.015) ng/L] in severe OSAHS group was significantly higher than that in the moderate OSAHS group [(712.144 ± 41.331) ng/L] (P ＜ 0.05),and much more significantly higher than that in the light OSAHS group [(642.206 ± 77.250) ng/L] (P ＜ 0.05).3.When the serum CysLTs level was 560.872 ng/L,there was the best critical point with the highest sensitivity rate (92.7％)and specificity rate (94.1％),and the lowest misdiagnosis rate and the false dismissal rate,as diagnose accordance rate was 93.3％.4.The serum CysLTs level of Han [(704.417 ± 77.149) ng/L] was higher than that of Uygur [(628.053 ± 105.443) ng/L],and there was significant difference between the 2 groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Serum CysLTs level is closely related with the severity of OSAHS.There is difference in serum CysLTs level between different nationalities.The serum CysLTs level of the Han nationality is higher than the Uygnr nationality.The serum level of CysLTs may be used as a predictor in screening 0SAHS children and a biological marker of the severity of OSAHS children.

Epidemiological characteristics of metabolic syndrome among Kazakh children aged from 6 to 13 in Xinjiang, China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective This study was designed to evaluate the epidemiology and clinical characteristics on metabolic syndrome (MetS) among overweight and obese children aged from 6 to 13 years old in Kazakh ethnic populations.Methods Based on the data including body mass index (BMI),waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure measured from the‘Kazakh ethnic child Health examination study in Yili’,5360 Kazakh children aged 6-13 were screened for overweight and obesity in Xinjiang,using the Chinese BMI cutoffs for schoolchildren (7-18 years) and WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents (6 year).Simultaneously a group of children with normal BMI were selected as the control group.Fasting plasma glucose (FPG),insulin(FINS),serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) were examined.HOMA-IR index was calculated to estimate the individual insulin resistance.Children under study were older than or equal to 10 years and met the criteria according to the definition of metabolic syndrome,prophylaxis and treatment on Chinese children and adolescents,proposed by the Society of Pediatrics in China or NCEP-ATP Ⅲ definition as MetS.Risk factors related to cardiovascular diseases were analyzed according to the criteria by the Society of Pediatrics among those aged from 6 to 10 years old children.Connection between waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and biochemical indexes was explored.Results Prevalence rates of MetS according to the criteria from Society of Pediatrics in China were:0％,9.57％,19.64％ in the normal weight,overweight and obese children,respectively.The rates diagnosed by NCEP-ATP Ⅲ definition were 0.64％,2.61％,16.07％ respectively.The detective rates of individual MetS component among obese children were:78.95％ for abdominal obesity,29.82％ for elevated BPs,26.32％ for high TG,22.81％ for low HDL-C,0.88％ for FPG.High TG (31.15％),abdominal obesity (23.77％) and low HDL-C (22.95％) appeared as the leading three abnormal indices among the overweight children.With increased BMI,the clustering of MetS components were also remarkably increasing.The detective rates of cardiovascular-related risk factors among overweight or obesity children from 6 to 10 years old were:abdominal obesity or obesity,low HDL-C,high TG,impaired FPG,elevated BPs.Differences were seen between overweight or obesity children and normal weight children on the detective rates of high TG,low HDL-C,abdominal obesity or obesity.WHtR was related with FINS,HOMA-IR index and LDL-C.Conclusion MetS seemed epidemic among obese Hazakh children.Abdominal obesity,elevated BPs and high TG were the leading three abnormal factors among obese children.Compare to NCEP-ATP Ⅲ,abnormal biochemical indices on overweight Kazakh children seemed to be more sensitive,proposed by the Society of Pediatrics in China.

Blood pressure levels of 2438 Hasakh children in the Yili region of Xinjiang Province / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study blood pressure levels, the prevalence of hypertension and factors associated with the development of hypertension in Hasakh children in the Yili region of Xinjiang Province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 2438 Hasakh school children from the Yili region of Xinjiang Province were sampled by stratified random cluster sampling method between May and June 2009. Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, skinfold thickness and blood pressure were measured. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were 94±13 mm Hg and 60±9 mm Hg respectively in the 2438 children, and both averages were lower than in the Han children. Hypertension was noted in 138 children (5.66%). The prevalence of hypertension in girls (6.97%, 84/1206) was higher than in boys (4.38%, 54/1232) (P<0.05). The prevalence of hypertension and blood pressone were positively correlated with BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, skinfold thickness circumference, gender and age.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Average blood pressure levels in Hasakh children in the Yili region of Xinjiang Province are lower than in domestic age-matched Han children. The prevalence of hypertension in girls is higher than in boys. Obesity is highly correlated with the development of hypertension.</p>

Childhood benign acanthosis nigricans and metabolic abnormality / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the relationship of childhood benign acanthosis nigricans to anthropometric and metabolic indexes, with the aim of studying the association between childhood benign acanthosis nigricans and metabolic diseases.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 29 children who presented with benign acanthosis nigricans between February 2007 and October 2011. Thirty-two age, sex- and ethnic-matched normal children were selected as control group. The two groups were compared according to obesity (body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat content and body fat percentage) and metabolic indexes (blood glucose, insulin level and blood lipids).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Body mass index, body fat content, body fat percentage, waist-to-hip ratio, fasting blood glucose, insulin level and triglyceride in the 29 patients with benign acanthosis nigricans were higher than in the control group (P<0.05), but the level of high-density lipoprotein in the 29 patients was lower than in the control group (P<0.05). Of the 29 patients, 16 had impaired glucose tolerance and 3 were diagnosed with diabetes (1 case with type 1, two cases with type 2).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Childhood benign acanthosis nigricans is closely associated with obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.</p>

Correlation between obesity index and blood pressure in Kazak childhood from Yili, Xinjiang / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the correlations between obesity index such as waist circumference,hip circumference,skin-fold thickness,body mass index,waist to hip ratio,waist to height ratio etc,and blood pressure among Kazak children living in Yili of Xinjiang.Methods In May-June 2009,2438 Kazak children aged 7 to 14 at primary schools in Yili of Xinjiang,were investigated.Waist circumference,hip circumference,skin-fold thickness,systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured to calculate the body mass index,waist to hip ratio and waist to height ratio.Analysis on the differences in age and gender,blood pressure (BP) between hypertensive or normal BP group under the standard set for children.SPSS 17.0 software was used for statistical analysis on its correlation.Results The total prevalence of hypertension was 5.7％ in Kazak ethnic school-age children in Yili,with 4.4％ in the boys and 7.0％ in girls.Data from waist circumference,hip circumference,waist-height-ratio,waist-hip ratio,systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed gender and age differences (P=0.000).Average systolic blood pressure was correlated to waist circumference,hip circumference,skin-fold thickness,body mass index and waist to hip ratio (P=0.000),with hip circumference the most (man:r=0.618,female:r=0.655).The average diastolic blood pressure was correlated to waist circumference,hip circumference,skin-fold thickness,body mass index and waist to hip ratio (P=0.000),with hip having the strongest relation (r=0.489 for male and r=0.548 for females).Significant differences were seen between Hypertension groupand normal blood pressure group on waist circumference,hip circumference,skin-fold thickness,body mass index and waist-hip ratio (P＜0.05).Conclusion In Yili of Xinjiang,the prevalence of hypertension was at the low level in Kazak ethnic school-aged children when comparing to data from national and foreign standards.Indicators related to obesity as waist circumference,hip circumference,body mass index and waist to hip ratio were positively correlated with blood pressure,with hip in particular.

Obesity, overweight and related factors of Kazakh children aged from 6 to 13 in Yili, Xinjiang / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate obesity, overweight and related factors of Kazakh children aged from 6 to 13 years old in Yili, Xinjiang.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>With stratified cluster sampling method, 2438 Kazakh children aged 6 - 13 from eight elementary schools were recruited from the Yili Kazakh autonomy region from May to June in 2009. Height, weight, blood pressure, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured. Body mass index (BMI) value was used to determine overweight or obesity. The overweight and obesity distribution pattern of gender, age (6 - 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 - 14 years old group) and region (city, county and countryside) was analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of overweight or obesity.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence of obesity and overweight in Yili Kazakh autonomy region was 1.64% (40/2438) (male: 1.62% (20/1232), female 1.66% (20/1206) (χ(2) = 0.69, P = 0.41)), and 5.13% (25/2438) (male: 4.79% (59/1232), female 5.47% (66/1206) (χ(2) = 0.59, P = 0.44)), respectively. The obesity prevalence of 6 - 7 year-old children was 3.72% (8/215), 2.30% (10/435) for 12 year-old group and 2.19% (6/274) for 13 - 14 year-old group. The difference of obesity and overweight prevalence among different age groups was significant (χ(2) = 14.29, P = 0.04). The prevalence of overweight was 8.77% (35/399), 6.92% (74/1069), 1.65% (16/970) (χ(2) = 42.09, P = 0.00) in city, county and countryside. And the prevalence of obesity was 2.75% (11/399), 2.43% (27/1069), 0.30% (3/970) (χ(2) = 18.13, P = 0.00) in city, county and countryside. Logistic regression analysis showed that children with family obesity history (OR = 2.73, 95%CI: 1.42 - 5.22) and culture level of fathers (OR = 1.65, 95%CI: 0.29 - 9.25) were independent risk factors of obesity. There was a correlation between blood pressure and waist-to-hip rate (r = 0.10, P = 0.00). Moreover, the correlation existed between systolic pressure (r = 0.47, P = 0.00), diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.37, P = 0.00) and BMI. Correlation existed between waist circumference (r = 0.81, P = 0.00), hip circumference (r = 0.78, P = 0.00) and BMI.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There is no sex difference of overweight and obesity prevalence in Kazakh children aged from 6 to 13 year-old. Both family history of obesity and culture level of the fathers are factors of obesity and overweight to Kazakh children.</p>

Evaluation of efficacy and safety of loratadine in the treatment of childhood asthma / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of loratadine, a new generation of antihistaminics, in the treatment of childhood asthma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The papers related to loratadine treatment for childhood asthma were searched in the database of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrance, CNKI and CBMdisc (January 1990 to December 2010) electronically and manually. According to the Cochrane reviewer's handbook, the quality of the enrolled papers was assessed and a systematic review was performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 179 papers were obtained. Eleven randomized controlled trials met the criteria and were included in this study. The 11 trials included 317 children with asthma: 159 cases in the loratadine treatment group and 158 cases in the control group. All included studies belonged to the B class according to the quality evaluation criteria. Meta analysis showed that the clinical symptoms were improved more, the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) 4 and 8 weeks posttreatment and the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) 8 weeks posttreatment were higher in the loratadine treatment group than in the control group. The treatment-related adverse effects, fatigue, tachycardia and palpitation, occurred less in the loratadine treatment group compared with the control group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Loratadine is safe and effective for the treatment of childhood asthma.</p>

Investigation of sleep patterns and sleep disorders in Uigur and Hui children in Xinjiang / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the sleep quality and quantity and their influencing factors in Uigur and Hui children in Xinjiang Province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From March to December of 2007, 912 Uigur and 1019 Hui school children (6 to 14 years) were randomly sampled from 6 cities of Xinjing Province. The questionnaire on children's sleep states and sleep environments was filled in by children's parents.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean sleep time of Uigur and Hui children was 10.1±1.4 hrs. The sleep time in Uigur children was significantly less than that in Hui children (9.7±1.2 hrs vs 10.4±1.5 hrs; P<0.05). The mean incidence of sleep disorders was 23.56%. The Uigur children had a lower incidence of sleep disorders compared with the Hui children (18.42% vs 28.16%; P<0.001). Ethnic group, sleep latency, use of a swing bed, family history of snore, watching TV before sleeping, hypertrophy of tonsils, eating before sleeping, feeding patterns and recurrent upper respiratory tract infection were the factors associated with the sleep quality and quantity.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The influencing factors of sleep quality and quantity are multifactorial in Uigur and Hui children in Xinjiang Province. Pediatrician, child health care doctors and parents should pay more attention to children's sleep. The incidence of sleep disorders is different between Uigur and Hui children, suggesting that more research for the prevention and treatment of sleep disorders should be performed in different ethic groups.</p>

The research of association between gene rs9930506 polymorphism and Hazakh children with overweight or obesity in Xinjiang / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the association of fat mass and obesity associated gene rs9930506 polymorphism with overweight and obesity in the Hazakh Children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to determine rs9930506 polymorphism in 118 patients with overweight or obesity and 141 controls. Serum lipid level including total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, plasma glucose levels, and plasma insulin were monitored by using enzymatic method (Hitachi automatic clinical analyzer) and radioimmunoassay kit respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The genotype distributions of the control group and overweight or obesity group were in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The frequencies of AA, AG and GG were 0.458, 0.492 and 0.050 in the overweight or obesity group and 0.582, 0.397 and 0.021 in the controls respectively. There was no significant difference in frequencies of AA, AG and GG genotypes between control group and overweight or obesity group (χ(2) = 4.795, P = 0.091), but the frequency of GG + AG genotype in overweight or obesity group (0.542) was higher than that in the controls (0.418) giving significant difference (χ(2) = 3.957, P = 0.047). The frequencies of A allele were 0.703 in the overweight or obesity group and 0.780 in the controls respectively. There was significant difference in frequencies of A allele frequency between controls and overweight or obesity group (χ(2) = 3.986, P = 0.046). In the overweight or obesity group, the plasma glucose levels, BMI and hip circumference were (4.93 ± 0.52) mol/L, (79.70 ± 11.73) and (21.61 ± 2.72) cm in the persons with GG + AG genotype and (4.69 ± 0.56) mol/L, (75.28 ± 11.52) and (19.92 ± 1.98) cm in those of AA genotypes respectively. The plasma glucose levels, BMI and hip circumference of the persons with GG + AG genotype were higher than those of AA genotypes and the statistical significance was also observed (t = 2.430, P = 0.017; t = 2.053, P = 0.042; t = 3.891, P = 0.000).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The present findings suggest that rs9930506 polymorphism on chromosome 16q12.2 may be associated with the development of overweight or obesity in the Hazakh Children, and the polymorphism may have some influence on serum glucose levels, BMI and hip circumference in this population.</p>

Prevalence of upper respiratory tract group A Streptococcus carriage in school-age children from Tulufan City and Buerjin County of Xinjiang Province / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the prevalence rate of upper respiratory tract group A Streptococcus (GAS) carriage in school-age children from Xinjiang Province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 478 children at age of 9-12 years from Tulufan City and Buerjin County of Xinjiang Province were enrolled by random cluster sampling. Throat swab cultures were performed once each season for the determination of presence of GAS.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the 1 827 samples, 196 GAS strains were isolated, with a GAS carrier rate of 10.7%. The prevalence rate of GAS carrier in Tulufan City ranged from 3.7%-16.5% compared with 4.7%-21.4% in Buerjin County (P < 0.05). The prevalence rate of GAS carrier in winter is the highest, followed by in autumn, spring and summer in both regions. There were significant differences in the GAS carriage rate in autumn between the two regions. There were no significant differences in the GAS carriage rate between boys and girls. Of the 196 GAS strains, 133 from Han, 22 from Uygur and 41 from Hazakh children. There were significant differences in the prevalence rate of GAS carriage among children with different ethic groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The prevalence rate of GAS carriage is high in school-age children from Tulufan and Buerjin of Xinjiang Province. The GAS carrier rate is associated with the season and ethic group. The children from Buerjin County present a higher GAS carrier rate than those from Tulufan City.</p>

Comparison of immunomagnetic beads and hespan precipitation for isolation of mononuclear cells from umbilical cord blood / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the characteristics of immunomagnetic beads and hespan precipitation for isolation of mononuclear cells (MNCs) from umbilical cord blood and try to find a better isolation method for MNCs.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifteen umbilical cord blood samples from healthy parturiens were collected between December 2007 and March 2008. MNCs were isolated using hespan precipitation and CD133 immunomagnetic beads, respectively. MNCs were identified using the surface marker CD34 by flow cytometry on the 30th of primary culture. Growth conditions and morphologic changes of primary cells were observed by an inverted microscope.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The number of MNCs from umbilical cord blood isolated by hespan precipitation (15.23 +/- 4.30 x 10(6)/mL) was significantly greater than that by CD133 immunomagnetic beads (0.066 +/- 0.027 x 10(6)/mL) (p<0.05). The MNCs isolated by hespan precipitation suspended at the culture medium and their growth was slow after passage. The growth of MNCs isolated by CD133 immunomagnetic beads was kept in a good condition. The CD34 positive rate of MNCs isolated by hespan precipitation and immunomagnetic beads was 10.1% and 0.5%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The hespan precipitation is an effective method for MNCs isolation from human umbilical cord blood, but with a cell growth condition below the mark. The MNCs isolated by CD133 immunomagnetic beads are in a high purity quotient.</p>

Diagnostic values of serum orexin-A levels in children with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Currently people regard polysomnography (PSG) monitoring as the golden standard for diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in children. However, due to the high cost, time and manpower consuming, PSG is not applicable to epidemiological investigation and clinical screening, especially not suitable for child patients and remote hospitals in Xinjiang. Therefore, it is of important clinical significance to find out a simple method (e.g. a kind of serum index) to primarily screen out suspicious patients for early diagnosis and treatment. The present study was conducted to assess the clinical usefulness of the measurement of orexin-A concentration in serum as a diagnostic predictor to screen patients with OSAHS in children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Serum orexin-A concentration was measured with enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit in 60 patient with snoring before performing polysomnography (PSG). Subsequently all the subjects underwent PSG test. Forty subjects were diagnosed as having OSAHS, and twenty subjects had no OSAHS. These 20 non-OSAHS subjects served as controls. Compared with the PSG results the clinical usefulness of the measurement of orexin-A concentration in serum was assessed as a diagnostic predictor to screen patients with OSAHS. Correlation between orexin-A levels and apnea hypoventilation index (AHI), micro-arousal index (MAI) and lowest SaO2 (LSaO2) were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The serum orexin-A levels in the OSAHS group [(0.49 +/- 0.10) microg/L] was significantly higher than that of the control group [(0.28 +/- 0.11) microg/L, P < 0.01]. If a patient's level of orexin-A was higher than 0.36 microg/L, the patient more likely to have OSAHS. The sensitivity rate was 85.0% and the specificity was 80.0%. Serum orexin-A levels in children with OSAHS correlated positively with the AHI (r = 0.427, P < 0.05) and MAI (r = 0.468, P < 0.05), but correlated negatively with the LSaO2 (r = -0.527, P < 0.01) and the mean oxygen saturation (MSaO2) (r = -0.541, P < 0.01), not correlated significantly with the BMI (r = -0.212, P > 0.05). The serum orexin-A levels in the OSAHS children after who under went tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy significantly decreased (P < 0.05) 3 months after surgery as compared with pre-operation level.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These findings suggest that the serum level of orexin-A could be used as a predictor in screening for OSAHS children and a biological marker of the severity of OSAHS children.</p>

Sleep disorders and their influencing factors in primary school children from Urumqi / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the prevalence of sleep disorders and their influencing factors in primary school children from Urumqi.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 2034 children at the ages of 6-14 years were randomly sampled in 3 districts of Urumqi. The children's sleep states and their family and social environments were investigated through questionnaires.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence of sleep disorders in the subjects was 55%. The prevalence of sleep inquietude was the highest (14.7%), followed by sleep talking (4.8%), sleep walking (1.5%), nocturnal enuresis (1.5%), sleep teeth grinding (5.7%), habitual snoring (12.9%), sleep apnea (0.5%), and waking up by choke (1.9%). Taking drugs to stimulate or inhibit the central nervous system, frequent colds, confined housing area, family history, and sleeping with parents were risk factors for the development of sleep disorders.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The prevalence of sleep disorders within primary school children in Urumqi is higher than the reported data. The development of sleep disorders is multifactorial.</p>

Protection of azithromycin against pulmonary II epithelial cell injuries induced by cigarette smoke extract and relevant mechanisms / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) can induce injuries of pulmonary II epithelial cells, activate nuclear factor-kappaB and increase tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha) secretion. This study aimed to investigate whether azithromycin can protect pulmonary II epithelial cells from injuries induced by CSE and relevant mechanisms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Pulmonary II epithelial cells (A549 cells) were cultured in vitro. After 48 hrs of culture the cells were randomly treated with serum-free DMEM only (blank control group), azithromycin + serum-free DMEM, CSE+ serum-free DMEM or CSE+azithromycin. Eight hours later the morphology of A549 cells, the activity of NF-kappaB and the levels of TNF-alpha were measured by inverted microscope, immunohistochemistry and ELISA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The morphology and structure of A549 cells were changed, NF-kappaB activity increased (dark brown staining ) and TNF-alpha levels (0.307 +/- 0.036 pg/mL vs 0.234 +/- 0.028 pg/mL)increased in the CSE+ serum-free DMEM group compared with the blank control group (P < 0.01). CSE together with azithromycin treatment recovered partly the morphological injuries of A549 cells. It also attenuated NF-kappaB staining and decreased TNF-alpha levels from 0.307 +/- 0.036 pg/mL (CSE+serum-free DMEM group) to 0.269 +/- 0.009 pg/mL (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Azithromycin may inhibit NF-kappaB activity, decrease TNF-alpha secretion and thus lessen cytotoxicity of CSE to A549 cells.</p>

Characteristics of Polysomngraphy on Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome and Primary Snoring / 实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To explore the polysomnography(PSG) characteristice of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome(OS-AHS) and primary snoring(PS) in children and clinical value of PSG in children with sleep disorders. Methods We analyzed 74 children with OSAHS and 62 with PS, every patient being monitored with PSG for 7 hours at night for 16 parameters, including apnea hypopnea index(AHI), periodic leg movement index(PLMI),and the lowest oxygen saturation(LSaQ2) etc. The parameters of the 2 groups were comparaed. Results Comparaed with PS group, there was statistically significant difference in parameters such as PLMI, AHI,LSaQ2,the moderate oxygen saturation(MSaO2).AHI in non- rapid eye movement (NREM)(P